Ehrlichia canis detection in dogs from Várzea Grande: a comparative analysis of blood and bone marrow samples / Detecção de Ehrlichia canis em cães domiciliados em Várzea Grande: análise comparativa entre amostras de sangue e medula óssea

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the DNA detection of Ehrlichia canis in blood and bone marrow to determine the prevalence of the agent in Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Blood samples and bone marrow from 80 dogs of both sexes, different breeds and age, were collected and processed for a cross-sectional study performed using nested PCR. Of the 80 dogs, 61 (76.3%) had E. canis DNA in one of the samples. The buffy coat was positive in 42 dogs (52.5%) and the bone marrow was positive in 33 (41.3%). There was no significant association between the positive biological samples of either the buffy coat or bone marrow and the presence or absence of clinical signs (P=0.49). No risk factor was associated with infection in the studied area. The bone marrow samples were efficient for the molecular diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis, particularly when there was a negative blood sample, although infection was present.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a detecção de DNA de Ehrlichia canis em amostras de sangue e medula óssea, além de determinar a ocorrência do agente em Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Amostras de sangue e medula óssea de 80 cães, de ambos os sexos, diferentes raças e idade, foram coletados em estudo seccional e processados para realização de nested PCR. Dos 80 cães, 61 (76,3%) apresentaram DNA de E. canis em uma das amostras pesquisadas. A capa leucocitária foi positiva em 42 (52,5%) e a medula óssea em 33 (41,3%). Não foi observada associação significativa com a positividade das amostras biológicas, sangue ou medula óssea, e a presença ou ausência de sinais clínicos (P=0,49). Nenhum fator de risco foi associado à infecção na área pesquisada. A amostra de medula óssea mostrou-se bom sítio para o diagnóstico molecular da erliquiose canina, principalmente quando da infecção com negatividade da amostra sanguínea.

Pathology of dogs in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil naturally co-infected with Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis / Patologia de cães naturalmente coinfectados por Leishmania infantum e Ehrlichia canis em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil

Different parasites that commonly occur concomitantly can influence one another, sometimes with unpredictable effects. We evaluated pathological aspects of dogs naturally co-infected with Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis. The health status of the dogs was investigated based on histopathological, hematological and biochemical analyses of 21 animals infected solely with L. infantum and 22 dogs co- infected with L. infantum and E. canis. The skin of both groups showed chronic, predominantly lymphohistioplasmacytic inflammatory reaction. The plasmacytosis in the lymphoid tissues was likely related with the hypergammaglobulinemia detected in all the dogs. The disorganization of extracellular matrix found in the reticular dermis of the inguinal region and ear, characterized by the substitution of thick collagen fibers for thin fibers, was attributed to the degree of inflammatory reaction, irrespective of the presence of parasites. In addition, the histopathological analysis revealed that twice as many dogs in the co-infected group presented Leishmania amastigotes in the ear skin than those infected solely with Leishmania, increasing the possibility of becoming infected through sand fly vectors. Our findings highlight the fact that the health of dogs infected concomitantly with L. infantum and E. canis is severely compromised due to their high levels of total plasma protein, globulins, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase, and severe anemia.

A infecção simultânea por parasitas de diferentes espécies pode resultar em alterações imprevisíveis. O presente estudo avaliou a patologia de cães naturalmente coinfectados por Leishmania infantum e Ehrlichia canis. A saúde dos cães foi investigada pelas análises histopatológicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas de 21 cães infectados somente por L. infantum e 22 cães coinfectados por L. infantum e E. canis. Observou-se uma reação inflamatória crônica, predominantemente linfohistioplasmocítica, na pele dos dois grupos. A plasmocitose, encontrada nos tecidos linfóides, provavelmente estava relacionada com a hipergamaglobulinemia observada em todos os cães amostrados. A desorganização da matriz extracelular da derme da região inguinal e da orelha, demonstrada pela substituição das fibras de colágeno espessas por fibras finas, foi relacionada com o grau de reação inflamatória, independente da presença de parasitas. Ainda, observamos duas vezes mais animais do grupo coinfectado apresentando formas amastigotas na pele de orelha pela histopatologia comparado ao número de cães infectados apenas por Leishmania, tornando-os desta forma mais infectivos aos vetores. Nossos resultados ressaltam que a saúde de cães coinfectados estava severamente comprometida devido aos altos níveis de proteína plasmática total, globulinas, fosfatase alcalina, creatina quinase e anemia acentuada.

Identificación molecular de Ehrlichia canis en un canino de la ciudad de Arica, Chile / Molecular identification of Ehrlichia canis in a dog from Arica, Chile

We report a molecular confirmed case of canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis. A 10-year old female crossbred Siberian from the city of Arica, which was infested by ticks, presented hemorrhagic manifestations (hematomas and snout bleeding) and prostration. Blood cell count revealed thrombocytopenia (30,000 platelets/ mm³). Immunochromatographic rapid testing for E. canis IgG was positive. Amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gen from a blood sample showed 100% homology with E. canis from Perú. This is the first report of E. canis in Chile, an agent with known zoonotic potential.

Se reporta un caso clínico de ehrlichiosis causada por Ehrlichia canis en un perro de la ciudad fronteriza de Arica, confirmado por técnicas moleculares. Un canino hembra de 10 años, mestizo siberiano, parasitado con garrapatas presentó un cuadro de hematomas, sangrado bucal profuso y marcado compromiso del estado general. En sus exámenes generales destacaba trombocitopenia (30.000 plaquetas/mm³); un test rápido inmunocromatográfico para Ehrlichia canis fue positivo. La amplificación y secuenciación de un fragmento del gen 16S ARNr a partir de muestra de sangre mostró 100% de homología con E. canis de Perú. Se trata del primer reporte de la presencia de E. canis en Chile, agente de reconocido poder zoonótico.

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the gp200 protein of Ehrlichia canis from dogs in Taiwan

Ehrlichia (E.) canis is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Currently, the genetic diversity of E. canis strains worldwide is poorly defined. In the present study, sequence analysis of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA (1,620 bp) and the complete coding region (4,269 bp) of the gp200 gene, which encodes the largest major immunoreactive protein in E. canis, from 17 Taiwanese samples was conducted. The resultant 16S rDNA sequences were found to be identical to each other and have very high homology (99.4~100%) with previously reported E. canis sequences. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of gp200 demonstrated that the E. canis Taiwanese genotype was genetically distinct from other reported isolates obtained from the United States, Brazil, and Israel, and that it formed a separate clade. Remarkable variations unique to the Taiwanese genotype were found throughout the deduced amino acid sequence of gp200, including 15 substitutions occurring in two of five known species-specific epitopes. The gp200 amino acid sequences of the Taiwanese genotype bore 94.4~94.6 identities with those of the isolates from the United States and Brazil, and 93.7% homology with that of the Israeli isolate. Taken together, these results suggest that the Taiwanese genotype represents a novel strain of E. canis that has not yet been characterized.